Table 1: Means and standard deviations of the gripping and hub moment variables and average velocity of propulsion for each surface and the first three strokes. The 2-way ANOVA main effect of surface and stroke significance is shown. An asterisk is indicated for p < 0.05 and a post-hoc test was required.

 

stroke

N

Peak positive grip moment (N*m)

Peak negative grip moment (N*m)

Average  grip moment (N*m)

Velocity of propulsion (m/s)

Peak positive hub moment (N*m)

Peak negative hub moment (N*m)

Average hub moment (N*m)

carpet

1

23

5.84+3.28

-4.08+2.95

3.08+1.77

.89+.23

26.62+8.37

-.89+.75

15.58+4.79

2

23

5.93+3.06

-2.33+2.29

2.90+1.35

.73+.18

27.86+8.32

-.81+.94

17.70+4.40

3

23

4.83+2.79

-2.24+2.36

2.45+1.23

.73+.18

24.45+5.24

-.91+.65

14.77+3.37

Total

69

5.53+3.05

-2.88+2.65

2.81+1.47

.78+.21

26.31+7.48

-.87+.78

16.02+4.35

ramp

1

23

6.13+3.06

-4.31+4.75

2.90+1.23

.85+.17

28.04+7.78

-.89+1.03

15.96+4.64

2

23

6.13+3.04

-3.83+4.63

2.89+1.08

.77+.16

29.90+8.63

-1.09+1.26

17.97+4.90

3

23

5.77+3.48

-4.40+4.74

3.26+1.23

.77+.16

30.86+8.63

-.82+.88

18.48+5.09

Total

69

6.01+3.16

-4.18+4.64

3.02+1.18

.80+.17

29.60+8.32

-.93+1.06

17.47+4.93

linoleum

1

23

5.49+2.38

-3.14+3.13

2.70+1.13

.86+.18

23.90+6.67

-.90+.74

14.41+4.57

2

23

4.72+1.80

-1.93+1.91

2.41+.85

.79+.14

22.66+5.26

-.89+.72

13.79+3.46

3

23

4.22+2.00

-2.00+1.90

2.19+.94

.79+.14

18.90+5.10

-.70+.64

11.04+3.14

Total

69

4.81+2.11

-2.36+2.42

2.43+.99

.81+.16

21.82+6.03

-.83+.70

13.08+4.00

P-value

surface

 

0.000*

0.003*

0.000*

0.208

 0.001*

0.783

0.000*

stroke

0.479

0.217

0.712

0.043

0.551

0.747

0.333